Victims with particular needs: children, older adults, people with disabilities and newcomers

Brooks begins with a principle she repeats so often that the class starts saying it with her: treat every victim as an individual, and know the patterns well enough to recognize what an individual might need. 'A seventy-nine-year-old fraud victim is not every seventy-nine-year-old,' she says. 'Grace is sharp, independent and proud. But if I did not know how often older people are targeted, how much shame they feel, and how often the offender is someone close to them, I would miss things.' This lesson looks at groups of victims who often need something more or different from the police and victim services, and at the laws and services designed for them.

Children and youth

Children are victimized at high rates, mostly by people they know, and they depend on adults to notice and act. They may not understand that what happened to them was wrong, may not have words for it, may have been told to keep it secret, and may be afraid of what will happen to the adult who harmed them or to their family. Their memories can be accurate, but they are especially vulnerable to suggestion, which is why interviews of children should be done by specially trained interviewers using structured, non-leading methods. Finkelhor and colleagues have described polyvictimization: many children who are victimized experience several different kinds of victimization, such as bullying, witnessing violence at home and abuse, and these children face the most serious long-term effects.

Every officer has legal duties when a child may be at risk. In Ohio, Revised Code 2151.421 requires many professionals, including law enforcement officers, teachers, health care workers and clergy, to report suspected abuse or neglect of a child to the public children services agency or to law enforcement immediately, and county protocols govern joint investigations by police and children services. The duty to report sits alongside the police investigation, not instead of it.

Child advocacy centers were created to reduce the harm of the investigation itself. Before they existed, a child who disclosed abuse might be interviewed by a teacher, a police officer, a child protection worker, a doctor and a prosecutor, each in a different building. At a center, police, child protection workers, medical staff, victim advocates and mental health workers work as a team, in a building designed for children, and the child is interviewed once by a trained forensic interviewer while other team members watch. The National Children's Alliance accredits more than 900 child advocacy centers across the United States, and Ohio's Revised Code allows child victims of certain offenses to testify by closed-circuit television or recorded deposition, as Lesson 7 discussed.

Older adults

Older adults are victimized less often than young people by strangers, but they face particular risks: fraud and scams, and abuse by family members, caregivers and others they trust. Elder abuse takes several forms: financial abuse, such as theft, fraud and misuse of a power of attorney; physical abuse; psychological abuse, including threats, humiliation and isolation; sexual abuse; and neglect. Financial abuse is the most commonly reported. Victims may not report because they depend on the abuser for care, fear being moved into a care home, feel ashamed, or want to protect a family member, often an adult child.

Grace's case was a stranger fraud, but Brooks tells the class about another older client, a man in his eighties whose son had used a power of attorney to empty his accounts. He refused at first to make a statement, saying he did not want his son in prison. Brooks worked with him over several weeks on options that did not depend on prosecution, including revoking the power of attorney and getting his bank to block transfers, and he eventually decided to give a statement. Ohio's Revised Code 5101.63 requires many professionals, including peace officers, to report suspected abuse, neglect or exploitation of adults aged 60 and older to the county's adult protective services. The federal Elder Justice Act of 2010 funds programs to prevent and respond to elder abuse. For police, the practical lessons are to speak with an older victim alone where possible, to watch for signs that a family member or caregiver is controlling the conversation, to avoid assuming confusion or incapacity, and to involve specialized services early.

People with disabilities

People with disabilities, including physical, sensory, intellectual, developmental and mental health disabilities, are victimized at much higher rates than others, as Lesson 2 showed. They may depend on caregivers for daily needs, live in group settings, face barriers to reporting and, too often, be disbelieved when they do report. Some offenders deliberately target people they believe will not be believed.

Officers can make a large difference by changing how they communicate. Speak directly to the person, not to their companion or caregiver. Ask how they prefer to communicate and what would help. Use plain language and short questions, check understanding, and allow more time. Arrange qualified sign language interpreters for deaf victims, and communication assistants or intermediaries where available for people with speech or cognitive disabilities. Do not assume that a person with an intellectual disability cannot give reliable evidence; assess what they can tell you, and make accommodations. And be alert to the possibility that the person accompanying the victim is the abuser. The Americans with Disabilities Act requires police agencies to communicate effectively with people with disabilities, including by providing qualified interpreters, and Ohio courts must provide accommodations for witnesses with disabilities.

Newcomers and people without secure status

Daniel's case raised issues that Brooks sees often among newcomers: language, unfamiliarity with the justice system, fear of authorities shaped by experiences in another country, and worry about immigration consequences. Daniel had a work permit and nothing to fear, but he did not know that, and his first question to the detective was whether reporting would affect his application for permanent residence. Many newcomers are also isolated from family and community supports and work in jobs, such as late restaurant shifts, that expose them to risk.

Federal immigration law offers some protections. The U visa is available to victims of certain serious crimes, including felonious assault, domestic violence, sexual assault and trafficking, who have suffered substantial harm and who are helpful to law enforcement in the investigation or prosecution. The application requires a certification, signed by a certifying official at a law enforcement agency, prosecutor's office or court, that the victim has been, is being or is likely to be helpful. The T visa protects victims of human trafficking, and VAWA allows some abused spouses and children of citizens and permanent residents to apply for status on their own. Port Ardent's policy is that officers do not ask victims and witnesses about immigration status unless it is relevant to the offense, and that requests for certification are handled promptly and honestly by a designated supervisor. Brooks tells the class that the best protection for newcomer victims is trust: victims who believe they can report safely will report, and offenders who believe their targets will stay silent lose their advantage.

Language access runs through all of this. The service reviews how often victims whose preferred language is not English get a qualified interpreter. The program below shows the review for the last three years.

# Victim interviews where the victim's preferred language was not English
years = {
    2023: {"interviews": 148, "qualified interpreter": 81, "family or friend": 44, "none": 23},
    2024: {"interviews": 163, "qualified interpreter": 112, "family or friend": 33, "none": 18},
    2025: {"interviews": 171, "qualified interpreter": 149, "family or friend": 14, "none": 8},
}
for y, d in years.items():
    assert d["qualified interpreter"] + d["family or friend"] + d["none"] == d["interviews"]
    share = d["qualified interpreter"] / d["interviews"]
    print(y, "interviews:", d["interviews"], " qualified interpreter:", round(share, 2))
first, last = years[2023], years[2025]
print("change in share:", round(last["qualified interpreter"] / last["interviews"] - first["qualified interpreter"] / first["interviews"], 2))

2023 interviews: 148  qualified interpreter: 0.55
2024 interviews: 163  qualified interpreter: 0.69
2025 interviews: 171  qualified interpreter: 0.87
change in share: 0.32

The improvement followed two changes: a contract with a telephone interpreting service available at any hour, and a rule that family members could not interpret except for urgent safety questions. Brooks notes that the remaining cases with no interpreter at all deserve a closer look, because each represents a victim who may not have understood their rights.

Native American victims

American Indian and Alaska Native people experience some of the highest rates of violence in the United States, and many of the offenders are not Native. For decades, tribal courts could not prosecute non-Native offenders at all. The Violence Against Women Act reauthorizations of 2013 and 2022 restored tribal jurisdiction over non-Native defendants for certain crimes, including domestic violence, sexual violence, stalking and trafficking, and Savanna's Act of 2020 required federal agencies to improve how they respond to cases of missing and murdered Native people. Jesse Morningstar tells the class that on his reservation, victims often face confusion about which agency is responsible, tribal, county, state or federal, and that families of missing women describe long silences from investigators. Tribal victim services, which combine practical support with traditional healing, often reach victims that other services do not. Brooks adds that a trauma-informed approach, with its attention to historical trauma, is especially important here.

LGBTQ victims

As Lesson 3 showed, bisexual people in particular report much higher rates of violent victimization than heterosexual people, and transgender people face high rates of violence, harassment and intimate partner abuse. Many have had negative experiences with police, or know people who have, and some fear being outed, misgendered or disbelieved if they report. Victims of intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships sometimes find that services and officers assume abuse happens only between men and women, and miss the signs. Brooks's advice is practical: ask people what name and pronouns they use and use them consistently, including in reports where policy allows; do not assume the gender of a partner; avoid questions about a person's identity that have nothing to do with the offense; and know which community organizations offer support. Port Ardent's victim advocates work with a regional LGBTQ community center that offers counseling and peer support. Small signals of respect, she says, tell a victim that it is safe to say the rest.

Victims of hate crime

Hate crimes target people because of who they are, such as their race, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity or disability. They harm the individual victim and send a message of threat to everyone who shares the victim's identity. Victims often experience more severe and longer-lasting psychological effects than victims of similar crimes without a hate motive, because the attack was about something they cannot change. Ohio's ethnic intimidation statute, Revised Code 2927.12, increases the penalty for certain offenses committed by reason of the victim's race, color, religion or national origin, and the federal Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 covers crimes based on race, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity and disability. Officers should record any words, symbols or other indicators of bias exactly, ask victims whether they believe they were targeted because of their identity, and connect them and, where appropriate, their community with support.